Quantum Mechanical Model
- de Broglie Wavelength: $\lambda = \frac{h}{p} = \frac{h}{mv}$
- Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: $\Delta x \cdot \Delta p \ge \frac{h}{4\pi}$
- Four Quantum Numbers:
- Principal ($n$): Shell size and energy ($n = 1, 2, 3\dots$).
- Azimuthal ($l$): Orbital shape ($l = 0\dots n-1$; $s, p, d, f$).
- Magnetic ($m_l$): Spatial orientation ($-l\dots +l$).
- Spin ($m_s$): Electron spin direction ($\pm \frac{1}{2}$).
