The Mole Concept and Concentration Terms
$1\text{ mole} = 6.022 \times 10^{23}$ particles (Avogadro's constant $N_A$).
- Molarity ($M$): $M = \frac{\text{Moles of Solute}}{\text{Volume of Solution in Liters}}$
- Molality ($m$): $m = \frac{\text{Moles of Solute}}{\text{Mass of Solvent in kg}}$ (Temperature independent)
- Mole Fraction ($x_A$): $x_A = \frac{n_A}{n_A + n_B}$
