Named Carbonyl Reactions
- Aldol Condensation: Aldehydes and ketones with at least one $\alpha$-hydrogen react in dilute $NaOH$ to yield $\beta$-hydroxy aldehydes (aldols), which dehydrate upon heating to form $\alpha,\beta$-unsaturated carbonyls.
- Cannizzaro Reaction: Aldehydes lacking $\alpha$-hydrogens (e.g., $HCHO$, $C_6H_5CHO$) undergo self-oxidation-reduction in concentrated $KOH$ to form an alcohol and a carboxylate salt.
- Tollens' Test (Silver Mirror Test): Aldehydes reduce ammoniacal silver nitrate to precipitate metallic silver mirror.
